¯ The Scientific Method
and Experimental Design
¯ Metabolism
1. Enzymes
2. Cellular Respiration
3. Photosynthesis
¯ Absortion and
Transport
¯ Growth and Development
The Scientific Method and Experimental
Design
1.
What is the
reason for using an experimental cntrol?
2.
What does
it mean to Òcontrol the variablesÓ in an experiment?
3.
What is a
hypothesis? Give an example.
4.
Explain
the difference between the independent and the dependent variable.
5.
Why is
replication important?
6.
You
should be able to identify the hypothesis, independent and dependent
variables, and constants and
interpret experimental results for the experiments conducted during labs. You
should also be able to discuss possible sources of experimental error.
7.
Define
Òcatalyst.Ó
8.
What is
an enzyme and what does it do?
9.
How does
an enzyme control reaction rates?
10.
What is
the relationship between a substrate and
the products?
11.
What two
chemical compounds are very important
in transfering energy for cellular metabolism? (ie. they are like rechargeable batteries
for cells)
12.
Describe
how environmental factors such as temperature and pH infuence the rate of
enzyme-mediated reactions.
13.
What
other factors might affect the rate of enzyme-mediated reactions?
Respiration Review Questions
1.
Define
respiration.
2.
What is
the reason cells respire?
3.
Why do
plants respire?
4.
Why do we
say that respiration is the reverse of
photosynthesis?
5.
Energy
released from respiration comes from
______, which is/are produced using energy from the sun.
6.
What are
the products of respiration?
7.
Which has
more energy to give off: ADP or ATP?
8.
Which has
more energy to give off: NADP or
NADPH?
9.
In what
organelle of the cell does aerobic
respiration occur?
10.
Where in
the cell does anaerobic respiration
occur?
11.
The term
Òaerobic respirationÓ means that
the process of respiration requires _______.
12.
Compare
aerobic respiration and anaerobic
respiration.
13.
Which is
more efficient?
14.
What is
fermentation? Are there different
types?
15.
What is glycolysis
and where in the cell does it
occur?
16.
What
environmental factors affect respiration
rate in plants?
17.
What is
digestion and what is its relationship to cellular respiration?
Photosynthesis Review Questions
1.
Define
photosynthesis.
2.
What is
necessary for photosynthesis to occur?
3.
What are
the products of photosynthesis?
4.
In what
organelle does photosynthesis occur?
5.
What are
the thylakoids and stroma, where are
they located, what does each they do?
6.
What are
the grana and stroma lamellae?
7.
Describe
what occurs in each of the two parts of
photosynthesis.
8.
Why is
one called the "light reaction"
and the other sometimes referred to as the "dark" reaction?
9.
What is
the role of ADP and ATP and NADP and
NADPH in photosynthesis?
10.
Where
does the oxygen given off in
photosynthesis originally come from?
11.
The
"light" reaction is ________
dependent.
12.
The
"dark" reaction is ________
dependent.
13.
What are
the three types of photosynthesis?
14.
What
types of plants use each type?
15.
What are
the pros and cons of each?
Absorption & Transport Review
Questions
1.
Plants
need to absorb _____ and transport _____.
2.
Plants
lose water through their __________.
3.
How do
plants obtain water?
4.
What is
transpiration?
5.
There are
several factors by which water is moved
in the plant Ð what are they?
6.
How does
an osmotic pump help move water in a
plant?
7.
Loss of
turgor pressure causes plants to ______.
8.
What is
capillary action?
9.
Capillary
action occurs due to the fact that
water is both adhesive and cohesive. Explain how capillary action works to distribute water in the plant.
10.
The
smaller the volume of the cylinder, the
[greater? less?] the capillary force.
11.
How does
soil moisture affect water availability for a plant?
12.
How does
soil type affect water availability for a plant?
13.
What
other factors determine water availability for a plant?
14.
Describe
water flow into the roots.
15.
What
causes stomates to open?
16.
What
causes stomates to close?
17.
During
what part of the day are plants most
water stressed? Least water stressed?
Growth & Development
1.
What is the
difference between indeterminate and
determinate growth?
2.
What is
morphogenesis?
3.
What are
hormones and what do they do?
4.
What are
the five major types of plant hormones
and what does each control?
5.
What is
phototropism?
6.
What is
gravitropism?
7.
What are phytochromes
and what do they do?
8.
Discuss
how plants respond to red and far-red
light.
9.
Describe
how day length affects plant growth.
10.
What
is totipotency?
11. Explain: nastic movements,
senescence, statoliths, thigmomorphogenesis, gravitropism, phototropism, turgor
movements
Complex food are digested
into smaller compounds, which can then be respired
Respiration: the process of breaking down complex molecules resulting in the formation
of CO2 + H2O and the release of usable energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 ˆ 6 CO2
+ 6H2O + 686 kcal
sugar + oxygen ˆ carbon dioxide +
water + energy
Plants fix solar energy from the sun during photosynthesis, but they
require energy too, hence they also respire.
Plants require energy for:
▪ growth
▪ maintenance of tissue
▪ reproduction
▪ transport
▪ absorption , translocation, etc.
There are two types of respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic
▪ aerobic respiration requires oxygen
▪ when a 6-carbon molecule of sugar is
respired the first stage of
aerobic respiration (glycolysis) is the splitting of a sugar molecule
[ÒglycoÓ = sugar, ÒlysisÓ = to cut]
Respiration requires energy, but also results in the release of
energy when chemical bonds are broken. Respiration results in a net gain in
usable energy.
Respiration can occur in the absence of oxygen. This type of
respiration is called Òanaerobic respiration.Ó
Fermentation is a type of anaerobic respiration.
In fermentation, alcohol replaces water as a product, hence the
two products of anaerobic respiration are CO2 and alcohol.
What environmental factors affect respiration rate in plants?
▪ water availability
▪ temperature
▪ pH
▪ oxygen (for aerobic respiration)
Aerobic respiration is always more metabolically efficient than
anaerobic respiration
(that is, the ratio of energy released to energy consumed is
greater).
Plant growth and development are influenced both by heredity
(genes) and environment.
Development includes growth (cell division and enlargement) and
differentiation (formation of specialized tissues and stages of growth).
morphogenesis: developmental changes that lead to specific shapes
differentiation: functional specialization of plant cells
(genetically determined)
determinate growth: growth having defined limits
indeterminate growth: growth does not have a predefined end point but
instead continues unless stopped by an environmental of internal signal
totipotency: a cell which has the ability to make all other cells
through division and growth and differentitiation vs. cells which have a
limited number of ways in which they can develop; plant cells are often able to
regain totipotency
differentiation is genetically determined and the coordination of
development is carried out in response to a series of signals
signals are generally hormonal, but also may be from other sources
such as environmental stimuli
hormone receptors consist of proteins that receive the signals and
respond accordingly (some substances are considered growth regulators
rather than hormones, depending on how strict the definition of hormones)
important plant hormones/growth regulators include
auxin(indoleacetic
acid)/ promotes cell wall
expansion, stimulates cell division and growth, causes apical dominance/ suppress weed growth, stimulate root growth in
rose cuttings, delay fruit and leaf drop
gibberellins/ promotes
cell divisiona nd elongation, stimulates internodal growth, controls elongation, causes bolting in plants with rosetts,
stimulates seed germination and
end of dormancy/ stimulate seed
germination in many species; promote growth of reproductive and other structures in some plants
abscissic acid/
promotes dormancy, triggers leaf abscission. may maintain seed dormancy. involved in closing stomata under water stress
cytokinin/ coordinates
root and shoot growth, works
with auxin, delays
senescence/ apple fruit
growth and shape, tissue culture propagation
ethylene/ inhibits
growth and stimulates senescence, (also involved in leaf abscission), causes fruit ripening/
influence flowering and fruit
ripening (apples in bags)
phototropism: growth toward light
gravitropism: growth away from gravity
both controlled by hormones which control growth
other hormones are being discovered
LIGHT & PLANT DEVELOPMENT
red-far-red response - germination, etiolation
phytochromes: protein molecules containing a pigment capable of
absorbing red light; control the red-far-red response; may be more than one
type of phytochromes
adaptive advantages: _________________________________
photoperiodic responses
photoperiodism: how plants "measure" day length
long-day plants
short-day plants
day-neutral plants
flower in response to length of uninterrupted night
(pointsettias)
hormones are involved in functioning of the biological clock of
plants